Casting Engineering

Acient Korea Casting Technology

King Seongdeok Divine Bell (Emile Bell, National Treasure No. 29)
King Seongdeok Divine Bell (Emile Bell, National Treasure No. 29)
Production Start 737 A.D. (Unified Silla) Production Period 34 years Year of Completion 771 A.D.
Weight 18.9ton Material Bronze Method Casting
Height 365.8cm Main Components Cu:85~87% Sn:12~14%

King Gyeongdeok of Silla tried to make a bell to announce virtues of his father, King Seongdeok, but failed. Since then, King Hyegong completed it in 771 and called it as 'King Seongdeok Divine Bell'. This bell is also called as 'Bongduksa Bell' because it was first hung in Bongduk Temple, and it is also known as' Emile Bell' after the legend of the crying of a baby who was sacrificed in it.

A sound tube is at the top of the bell, which helps sound vibration and is the unique structure found in bronze bells in Korea only. The hook of the bell, dragon hook is in the shape of a dragon's head.

성덕대왕신종
Dragon Hook and Sound Tube

< Dragon Hook and Sound Tube >

It is presumed that a kind of the lost wax process based on wax was used. The waist of the dragon is designed to withstand the load no less than 19 tons.

											<p class=< King Seongdeok Divine Bell (Photo taken in Chosun Dynasty) >

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< King Seongdeok Divine Bell (Photo taken in Chosun Dynasty) >

Source : Gyeongju National Museum
Buddhist Bell Casting Estimate Drawing
Buddhist Bell Casting Estimate Drawing

< Buddhist Bell Casting Estimate Drawing >

Source : Korea Foundry Society Casting Vol. 18, Issue 4
범종 주조 추정도
Name Chemical Composition (Wt%)
Cu Sn Pb Zn S Fe Ni
Bongduksa Bell Top 84.39 11.21 0.23 0.009 0.22 0.64 0.07
Middle 78.56 15.51 0.45 0.009 0.22 0.30 0.07
Bottom 83.13 12.98 0.14 0.016 0.22 0.61 0.08
JIS CAC
503B
84~88 12~15 <0.3 <0.3 <0.2 <1.0

Its chemical composition is similar to that of modern materials. Considering the content analyzer was not available, our ancestor's technical ability was amazing again how the content composition was controlled to this level.

Mold Production Technique (Estimate)
Sweep pattern

Sweep pattern

Inner and Outer Sweeping Molds

내Inner and Outer Sweeping Molds (Sweeping Mold)

(A) Outer mold  (B) Inner Mold
(C) Molded inner mold(core)  (D) Outer mold

(A) Outer mold
(B) Inner mold
(C) Molded inner mold(core)
(D) Outer Mold

Source : Korea Foundry Society Casting Vol. 18, Issue 4